This report was made possible by the support of the Division of Viral Hepatitis and Division of Cancer Prevention and Control of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention prostate 140 purchase 60ml rogaine 5 mastercard, the Department of Health and Human Services Offce of Minority Health prostate cancer research institute generic rogaine 5 60 ml line, the Department of Veterans Affairs androgen hormone levels buy cheap rogaine 5 line, and the National Viral Hepatitis Roundtable prostate 35 grams buy rogaine 5 60ml online. People from Asia and the Pacifc Islands comprise the larg Copyright National Academy of Sciences mens health hair loss rogaine 5 60 ml on line. The committee will assess current prevention and control activities and identify priorities for research man health online discount rogaine 5 60ml otc, policy prostate surgery order rogaine 5 60 ml mastercard, and action mens health store order rogaine 5 60ml line. The com mittee will highlight issues that warrant further investigations and oppor tunities for collaboration between private and public sectors. There is a lack of knowledge and awareness about chronic viral hepatitis on the part of health-care and social-service providers. There is a lack of knowledge and awareness about chronic viral hepatitis among at-risk populations, members of the public, and policy-makers. There is insuffcient understanding about the extent and seriousness of this public-health problem, so inadequate public resources are being allocated to prevention, control, and surveillance programs. Inadequate disease surveillance systems underreport acute and chronic infections, so the full extent of the problem is unknown. To address those consequences, the committee offers recommendations in four categories: surveillance, knowledge and awareness, immunization, and services for viral hepatitis. Surveillance the viral hepatitis surveillance system in the United States is highly fragmented and poorly developed. As a result, surveillance data do not pro vide accurate estimates of the current burden of disease, are insuffcient for program planning and evaluation, and do not provide the information that would allow policy-makers to allocate suffcient resources to viral hepatitis prevention and control programs. The federal government has provided few resources?in the form of guidance, funding, and oversight?to local and state health departments to perform surveillance for viral hepatitis. Additional funding sources for surveillance, such as funding from states and cities, vary among jurisdictions. The committee found little published information on or systematic review of viral hepatitis surveillance in the United States and offers the following recommendation to determine the current status of the surveillance system: Copyright National Academy of Sciences. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention should develop infection should continue. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in conjunction and Hepatitis C with other federal agencies and state agencies, should provide. Innovative, effective, multicomponent hepatitis C virus preven recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization tion strategies for injection-drug users and non-injection-drug Practices should remain in effect for all other infants. States should be encouraged to expand immunization-information Recommendations systems to include adolescents and adults. Private and public insurance coverage for hepatitis B vaccina Chapter 2: Surveillance tion should be expanded. The federal government should work to ensure an adequate, a comprehensive evaluation of the national hepatitis B and accessible, and sustainable hepatitis B vaccine supply. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention should work resources for the expansion of community-based programs that with key stakeholders (other federal agencies, state and local provide hepatitis B screening, testing, and vaccination services governments, professional organizations, health-care organiza that target foreign-born populations. Federal, state, and local agencies should expand programs to hepatitis C educational programs for health-care and social reduce the risk of hepatitis C virus infection through injection service providers. At a minimum, the programs should include with key stakeholders to develop, coordinate, and evaluate inno access to sterile needle syringes and drug-preparation equip vative and effective outreach and education programs to target ment because the shared use of these materials has been at-risk populations and to increase awareness in the general shown to lead to transmission of hepatitis C virus. Federal and state governments should expand services to reduce the harm caused by chronic hepatitis B and hepati Chapter 4: Immunization this C. All infants weighing at least 2,000 grams and born to hepati counseling to reduce alcohol use and secondary transmission, this B surface antigen-positive women should receive single hepatitis B vaccination, and referral for or provision of medical antigen hepatitis B vaccine and hepatitis B immune globulin in management. All states should mandate that the hepatitis B vaccine se control of hepatitis C virus transmission. The National Institutes of Health should support a study of he effectiveness and safety of peripartum antiviral therapy to reduce and possibly eliminate perinatal hepatitis B virus trans mission from women at high risk for perinatal transmission. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the De partment of Justice should create an initiative to foster partner ships between health departments and corrections systems to ensure the availability of comprehensive viral hepatitis services for incarcerated people. The Health Resources and Services Administration should provide adequate resources to federally funded community health facilities for provision of comprehensive viral-hepatitis services. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention should conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the national hepatitis B and hepatitis C public-health surveillance system. The Centers for Disease Control and Preven tion should support and conduct targeted active surveillance, including serologic testing, to monitor incidence and prevalence1 of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections in populations not fully captured by core surveillance. Prevalence refers to the number of existing cases in a specifed population at a designated time. Lack of awareness about the prevalence of chronic viral hepatitis in the United States and the target populations and appropriate methodology for screening, testing, and medical management of chronic hepatitis B and hepatitis C probably contributes to continuing transmission; missing of opportunities for prevention, including vaccination; missing of opportunities for early diagnosis and medical care; and poor health out comes in infected people. To improve knowledge and awareness among health-care pro viders and social-service providers, the committee offers the following recommendation: Recommendation 3-1. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention should work with key stakeholders (other federal agencies, state and local governments, professional organizations, health-care organiza tions, and educational institutions) to develop hepatitis B and hepatitis C educational programs for health-care and social-service providers. The programs should be linguistically and culturally appropriate and should advance integration of viral hepatitis and liver-health education into other health programs that serve at-risk populations. To improve adherence to that guideline, the committee offers the following recommendation: Recommendation 4-1. School-entry mandates have been shown to increase hepatitis B vaccination rates and to reduce disparities in vaccination rates. Overall, hepatitis B vaccination rates in school-age children are high (for example, about 80% of states reported at least 95% hepatitis B vaccine coverage of children in kindergarten in 2006?2007), but there is variability in coverage among states. Regarding vac cination of children and adults under 19 years old, the committee offers the following recommendation: Recommendation 4-2. All states should mandate that the hepatitis B vaccine series be completed or in progress as a requirement for school attendance. Low coverage of high-risk adults is attributed to the lack of dedicated vaccine programs; limitations of funding, insurance coverage, and cost-sharing; and noncompliance of the involved populations. To increase the rate of hepatitis B vaccination of at-risk adults, the committee offers the following recommendation: Recommendation 4-3. Additional federal and state resources should be devoted to increasing hepatitis B vaccination of at-risk adults. Health-care providers should routinely seek risk behav ior histories from adult patients through direct questioning and self-assessment. Immunization-information systems are used for collection and con solidation of vaccination data from multiple health-care providers, vaccine management, adverse-event reporting, and tracking lifespan vaccination histories. States have made progress on developing and implementing im munization-information systems, particularly with regard to collecting vac cination data on children. The committee believes that it is also important to include vaccination data on adolescents and adults in immunization information systems and offers the following recommendation: Recommendation 4-4. States should be encouraged to expand immunization-information systems to include adolescents and adults. Coverage for hepatitis B vaccination is greater for children and youths than for adults. Furthermore, most privately insured persons are required to pay to receive vaccinations. To reduce barriers to children and adults for hepatitis B vaccination, the committee offers the following recommendation: Recommendation 4-5. Private and public insurance coverage for hepa titis B vaccination should be expanded. Hepatitis B vaccination should be free of any deductible so that frst-dollar coverage exists for this preven tive service. To prevent future supply problems of the hepatitis B vaccine, the committee offers the following recommendation: Recommendation 4-6. The federal government should work to ensure an adequate, accessible, and sustainable hepatitis B vaccine supply. Efforts are going on to develop a vaccine for hepatitis C, which could substantially enhance hepatitis C prevention efforts. The committee recog nizes the need for a safe, effective, and affordable hepatitis C vaccine and offers the following recommendation: Recommendation 4-7. Comprehensive viral hepatitis services should have fve core components: outreach and awareness, prevention of new infec tions, identifcation of infected people, social and peer support, and medical management of infected people. The committee offers recommendations to address major defciencies for each group and health-care venue. As treatments for chronic hepatitis B and C improve, it becomes critical to identify chronically infected people. There fore, it is important that the general population have access to screening and testing services so that people who are at risk for viral hepatitis can be identifed. Thus, there is a growing urgency for culturally appropriate programs to provide hepatitis B screening and related services to this high-risk population. There is a pervasive lack of knowledge about hepatitis B among Asians and Pacifc Islanders, and this is probably also the case for other foreign-born people in the United States. The committee be lieves that the needs of foreign-born people are best met with the approach outlined in Recommendations 3-1 and 3-2. The community-based approach as outlined in Recommendation 3-2 would be strengthened by additional resources to provide screening, testing, and vaccination services. Federal, state, and local agencies should expand programs to reduce the risk of hepatitis C virus infection through injection-drug use by providing comprehensive hepatitis C virus pre vention programs. Although illicit-drug use is associated with many serious acute and chronic medical conditions, health-care use among drug users is lower than among persons who do not use illicit drugs. Federal and state governments should expand services to reduce the harm caused by chronic hepatitis B and hepatitis C. The services should include testing to detect infection, counseling to reduce alcohol use and secondary transmission, hepatitis B vaccination, and referral for or provision of medical management. Preventing the transition from non-injection-drug use Copyright National Academy of Sciences. The com mittee therefore offers the following research recommendation: Recommendation 5-5. Hepatitis C prevention programs for persons who smoke or sniff heroin, cocaine, and other drugs should be developed and tested. However, most programs are understaffed and underfunded and cannot offer adequate case-management services. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention should provide additional resources and guidance to perinatal hepa titis B prevention program coordinators to expand and enhance the capacity to identify chronically infected pregnant women and provide case-management services, including referral for appropriate medical management. Screening of all incarcerated people for risk factors can identify those who need blood tests for infection and, if appropriate, treatment. The Centers for Disease Control and Preven tion and the Department of Justice should create an initiative to foster partnerships between health departments and corrections systems to ensure the availability of comprehensive viral hepatitis services for incarcerated people. Community Health Centers the Health Resources and Services Administration administers grant programs across the country to deliver primary care to uninsured and underinsured people in community health centers, migrant health centers, homeless programs, and public-housing primary-care programs. In general, funding of viral hepatitis services at community health centers is inad equate. Because community health centers provide primary health care for many people who are at risk for hepatitis B and hepatitis C, it is important for them to offer comprehensive viral hepatitis services. The Health Resources and Services Adminis tration should provide adequate resources to federally funded com munity health facilities for provision of comprehensive viral-hepatitis services. The populations that use the settings may not have access to care through traditional health-care venues. Integration of viral hepatitis services into those settings creates opportunities to identify at-risk clients and to get them other services that they need. Advances in three major categories will be needed: in knowledge and awareness about chronic viral hepatitis among health care and social-service providers, the general public, and policy-makers; in improvement and better integration of viral hepatitis services, including ex panded hepatitis B vaccination coverage; and in improvement of estimates of the burden of disease for resource-allocation purposes. Those data under score that chronic hepatitis B and hepatitis C are among the leading causes of preventable death worldwide. Key characteristics of hepatitis B and hepatitis C are summarized in Table 1-1 and discussed below and in later chapters. Reprinted with permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd: Nature Medicine 10(12 Suppl):S70-S76, copyright 2004. Without testing for infection, many chronically infected persons are not aware that they have been in fected until symptoms of advanced liver disease appear. Advanced liver cancer has a 5-year survival rate of below 5% (American Cancer Society, 2009). Although much progress has been made in reducing the morbidity and mortality through effective treatment of chronic viral hepatitis, there is no global program to provide chronically infected persons with access to affordable treatment. In most populations in Africa, North America, South America, Europe, and Southeast Asia, the prevalence in the general population is less than 3% (Lavanchy, 2008). Hepatitis C became a global epidemic in the 20th century as blood transfusions, hemodialysis, and the use of injection needles to admin ister licit and illicit drugs increased throughout the world (Drucker et al. However, more than six billion unsafe injections are given worldwide each year (Hutin et al. Therefore, many infected people are not identifed in time to beneft from antiviral treatment. However, an accurate estimate is diffcult to obtain because there is no national chronic-hepatitis surveillance program. Prevalence is strongly associated with time engaged in risky behaviors, rising as the number of years of drug-injecting accumulates and reaching 65?90% in longer-term injectors (Hagan et al. The decline slowed and then leveled off starting in 2003, and there was a slight increase in reported acute cases in 2006 (Wasley et al. American Indian and Alaska Native peoples have been found to have the highest rate of liver-related death of ethnic groups in the United States (Vong and Bell, 2004). Deaths related to hepatitis C have increased; the highest number of deaths are in middle-aged men, non-Hispanic blacks, and American Indians (Wise et al. As is the case with chronic hepatitis B, complications occur more often in men and Copyright National Academy of Sciences. There are also impor tant ethnic and racial differences in the burden of chronic hepatitis C. Likewise, there appears to be a greater burden of chronic hepatitis C and reduced response to treatment in Hispanic whites than in non-Hispanic whites (Armstrong et al. Although government and nongovernment efforts have led to a decline in the number of cases, chronic hepatitis B and hepatitis C continue to be serious public-health problems in the United States. This report does not address hepatitis A virus, hepatitis E virus, or hepatitis D virus (also called the hepatitis delta virus) infections. The committee will assess current prevention and con trol activities and identify priorities for research, policy, and action. The committee will highlight issues that warrant further investigations and opportunities for collaboration between private and public sectors. The evidence was drawn from the published literature and from open-session presentations by recognized experts in the feld (see Appen dix B). Oral testimony presented by members of the public during the open sessions was also taken into account. Additional information was obtained from written testimony submitted to the committee (available from the National Academies? Public Access Records Offce, publicac@nas. However, treatment information can be found in guide lines published by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (Ghany et al. The committee also has not been tasked with comprehensively review ing information about the safety of the hepatitis B vaccine. The committee that wrote that report concluded that the evidence favored rejection of a causal relationship between hepatitis B vaccine administered to adults and incident multiple sclerosis and multiple sclerosis relapse. It also found the evidence inadequate for accepting or rejecting a causal relationship between hepatitis B vaccine and the frst episode of a central nervous system demyelinating disorder, acute dissemi nated encephalomyelitis, optic neuritis, transverse myelitis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, or brachial neuritis. The committee that wrote the present report met fve times in the period December 2008?August 2009. During the meetings, the committee evalu ated the evidence and deliberated on issues relevant to its charge. It also explored federal and state surveillance mechanisms for identifying and tracking hepatitis B and hepatitis C cases. The committee began by identifying problems with and gaps in the current prevention and control systems. The committee focused on making recommendations that could be implemented with existing knowledge and available tools to advance pre vention and control of chronic viral hepatitis in a timely manner. Although the committee recognizes the importance of basic research in this feld, it believes that given the scope of the problem and the lack of available resources, its focus should be on improving prevention and control ser vices. As a result, the committee did not address basic-research questions in the feld extensively. After defning the scope of the problem and reviewing the available evidence, the committee identifed the primary underlying factors that impede cur rent efforts to prevent and control hepatitis B and hepatitis C. The com mittee believes that a lack of awareness about viral hepatitis among both the general public and health-care and social-service providers is leading to continued high rates of morbidity and mortality from hepatitis B and hepatitis C. Consistent themes were found in all the materials reviewed by the committee; as a result, this report is organized according to four principal categories: Hepatocellular carcinoma inci-Hepatocellular carcinoma inci dence, mortality, and survival trends in the United States from 1975 to 2005. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection among injection drug users in the United States, 1994-2004. Proceedings of the 0 international symposium on viral hepatitis and liver disease, edited by F. Notice to readers: National hepatitis B initiative for Asian Americans/ Native Hawaiian and other Pacifc Islanders. The burden of liver cancer in Asians and Pacifc Islanders in the greater San Francisco Bay area, 1990 through 2004. Expected increase in hepatitis C-related mortality in Egypt due to pre-2000 infections.
The partial pressure of oxygen forces oxygen through the air sacs and into the blood (keep in mind that gaseous pressure in physiology depends entirely on concentration of molecules) prostate cancer 35 cheap rogaine 5 60 ml visa. The partial pressure of oxygen is approximately 20% of the total atmospheric pressure prostate cancer 15 year survival rates by stage order discount rogaine 5 on-line. If at sea level prostate cancer information order rogaine 5 uk, this would be about 152mm of pressure (20% of the total atmospheric pressure ) prostate 85 order rogaine 5 60ml without a prescription. When a breath is drawn into the lungs prostate cancer quiz and answers cheap 60 ml rogaine 5 fast delivery, one would expect the partial pressure of oxygen to remain at 152mm androgen hormone inhibitor 60ml rogaine 5 amex. However prostate cancer zoladex buy 60ml rogaine 5 with amex, the lungs contain other gases that exert a constant pressure (water vapor at 47mm and carbon dioxide at 40mm) androgen hormone quotes discount 60 ml rogaine 5 with visa. Therefore, these gases reduce the partial pressure of the oxygen at the air sac level to 102mm. The high partial pressure of oxygen (102mm) now diffuses through the air sac wall and into the blood. This in turn, raises the partial pressure oxygen in venous blood (blood that has left the cells and therefore is low in oxygen) from 40mm to 102mm. At the same time this is happening, the high pressure of carbon dioxide (approximately 47mm) in the blood 2-2 will cause some of the carbon dioxide to diffuse into the airsac where carbon dioxide pressure is a constant 40mm. The same principle that applies to external respiration also applies to internal respiration (the exchange of gases from the blood to the cells). The high partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood, causes the oxygen to move from the blood into the cells. Due to metabolism, the high partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the cell will causes it to diffuse into the blood for transport to the lungs. Function the circulatory system is concerned with the transportation of blood throughout the body. Blood carries food, oxygen, and water to the tissues and waste materials from the tissues. Structure the segments of the body that comprise the circulatory system are the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries. The heart is a pumping organ capable of forcing blood through the vessels as tissue requirements dictate. The interior of the heart is divided into the right and left halves and each half has two chambers. The elastic walls of the arteries are muscular and strong, permitting the arteries to vary its carrying capacity. They are very small, thin walled, and usually form a network in the tissues in which the exchange of gases take place. They have thinner walls and are less elastic than the corresponding sized arteries. Therefore, some method is necessary to get blood back to the heart, especially from the lower regions of the body. The muscles around the veins produce a milking action of the veins forcing blood toward the heart. Approximately 90% of plasma is water, in which many substances are dissolved or suspended. White blood cells are composed largely of a substance that act as anti-bodies to assist in the fighting of disease and infections. The red blood cells are formed in the bone marrow and there are approximately 35 trillion total in the body. Each hemoglobin molecule within the red blood cell can carry 4 molecules of oxygen, so each red blood cell can carry approximately 1 billion oxygen molecules. The secret of hemoglobin is that it contains one atom of iron for every hemoglobin molecule. The red blood cells carry 95% of all oxygen, while the remainder is suspended in plasma. It can be readily seen that a person who is anemic, for example, does not have enough functioning red blood cells and will begin to suffer the effect of lack of oxygen at a relatively low altitude. The blood of the average person contains about 15 grams of hemoglobin per 100 ml (milliliter) of blood. Normal arterial saturation is about 95 97 % and the oxygen content is 19 volumes percent. The ability of hemoglobin to take up or release oxygen is not a linear function of the partial pressure. However, the relationship is well defined and is usually shown in the form of the oxygen dissociation curve. Venous or return blood has a normal oxygen tension of 40mm and contains 14 volume percent of oxygen, and is 65 75 % saturated. It gives the human body the capability to adjust and function in a variety of environments. Any aviator who flies above 12,000 feet in an unpressurized aircraft without supplemental oxygen is a potential hypoxia case. Anything that impedes the arrival or utilization of oxygen to the cell, places the body in a hypoxic state. There are many conditions that can interrupt the normal flow of oxygen to the cells. The following table describes the various levels at which hypoxia can occur: Location of Impediment Common Name Explanation Lungs Hypoxic Any condition that interrupts the flow Hypoxia of O2 into the lungs. This is the type of hypoxia encountered at altitude due to the reduction of the partial pressure of O2. Blood Hypemic Any condition that interferes with the Hypoxia ability of the blood to carry oxygen. Anemia and carbon monoxide poisoning are two conditions that can keep the O2 from attaching to the hemoglobin within the red blood cell. Blood Transport Stagnant Any condition that interferes with the Hypoxia normal circulation of the blood arriving to the cells. Heart failure, shock, and positive G force along the Z axis will bring about this condition. Cell Histotoxic Any condition that interferes with the Hypoxia normal utilization of O2 in the cell. While all cells require oxygen to function, some cells require more oxygen than others. The central nervous system (made up of the brain and spinal cord) do not have this ability and also demand a great deal of oxygen (approximately 20% of all oxygen that you inhale feeds the brain). So, if the oxygen supply to the body is reduced, the brain will be one of the first organs to be affected. Another problem is that when the brain starts to feel the effects of hypoxia, the higher reasoning portion of the brain is the first affected. Therefore, these signs should not be included with the personal symptoms one gets while experiencing hypoxia. A group of people who are hypoxic will, a majority of the time, get the same symptoms. The greatest benefit in hypoxia symptoms is that the order and the intensity of the symptoms will usually remain constant over the years. This is a great gift, because a pilot will always know what to look for to keep hypoxia in check. Your visual field will be affected, but, at such a slow rate that it could go unnoticed. Of all the symptoms, euphoria (a false sense of well being) is probably the most dangerous. It puts the pilot in such a state of mind that individual well being, as well as that of the passengers, is a low priority. Any preoccupation with flying duties could be enough of a distraction to allow the hypoxia to progress beyond the point of self help. Physical activity at altitude, fatigue, self-imposed stress, and individual variation will make the times vary. Fatigue If you enter the cock-pit in a fatigued state, you are less resistant to hypoxia. When altitude is coupled alcohol, you are a strong candidate for a hypoxic episode. Over the Counter Medication Some drugs will cause cells not to utilize oxygen properly and therefore will make you less altitude resistant. This phenomenon is where oxygen, due to the rapid expansion of gas during a decompression, is forced from the lungs and creates a very acute hypoxia that is immediate. Fortunately, once the hypoxia is detected and 100% oxygen is administered, recovery is usually only a matter of seconds. Because of the rapid breathing associated with hypoxia, you must slow your breathing rate to prevent hyperventilation. Many people suffer from ground level hypoxia before they even step inside the aircraft. Know your oxygen system and be ready to battle this potential threat to safe flight. When breathing at a rate faster than normal, you are considered to be in a state of hyperventilation. Physical Control of the Breathing Rate the breathing rate can be stimulated or slowed down through voluntary muscle control. In the days when free diving was popular, the divers would purposely hyperventilate so that they could hold their breath longer than normal. This was a dangerous practice that often led to a diver passing out during the dive. Chemical Control of the Breathing Rate Breathing is primarily controlled through chemical means. Due to the process of metabolism, oxygen and glucose combine in the cells where the glucose releases heat and kinetic energy through a catabolic reaction. This reaction takes place within every cell of the human body and is the basis of metabolism. Within these large arteries, the chemoreceptors respond to increasing and decreasing hydrogen ion concentrations. As the chemoreceptors sense this increase, they send a message to the brain instructing it to stimulate the breathing rate. But, if breathing is stimulated voluntarily (as in blowing up a balloon) or involuntarily (as in a fear reaction) without an increase in activity level, this system could bring about unconsciousness. Due to the natural release of adrenaline, the breathing rate will increase while physical activity remains about normal. Since there is no increased activity, the oxygen and hydrogen ion levels of the blood are normal. The alkaline rich blood, if permitted to be left in the cells long enough, can start to do 4 2 cellular damage. The brain, in an attempt to defend its self against this pH level, will start to restrict the blood flow to the brain. The brain will go into a hypoxic state and if not reversed in a period of time, will cause unconsciousness. Once the victim is unconsciousness, the breathing rate will slow, and the hydrogen ion level will return to normal level and decrease blood pH. To make a symptom determination, check your altitude, cabin altitude, and your oxygen equipment. First time flyers (passengers and students) will be the ones most likley affected. If a person in your aircraft is hyperventillating, remember to treat the cause and not the symptoms. Most of these cavities have an opening that will allow the gas to enter and escape. Once trapped, it is still subject to gas expansion and compression in accordance with Boyles Law. The result of having changes in gas volume within these cavities without equalization will usually be pain. The base of each eustachian tube is collapsed which acts as a one-way valve to allow gases and liquids to escape and not travel up to the middle ear. Because of the increasing pressure on descent, this pressure will need to be equalized or an ear block will result. If there is any airspace trapped between the filling and the pulp of the tooth, it will expand on ascent and cause a tooth block. This gas is usually a result of the digestion process and can escape by either flatulation or belching. If the gas expands, as in unpressurized flight to altitude, and is not allowed to escape, it could result in a possible syncope (fainting). The major problems with the ears and sinuses will usually occur from 6,000 feet and lower. This is where the pilot and crewmember are subjected to greatest rate of pressure change. Also, flying with an upper respiratory infection will also increase the chances of a sinus or ear block. The following table will give the recommended procedures for in-flight treatment of trapped gas emergencies. Tract Progressively increasing pain in the Try to pass the gas through flatulating or abdominal area with a corresponding belching. Tooth Block A pain in a single tooth where the Level off from ascent pain increases with a corresponding See a dentist. Allowing the gas to escape and equalize with the surrounding environment alleviates the potential for problems. But, if the gas becomes trapped, and the escape route (individual opening for each area) is blocked, the resulting reaction tends to be very painful. When you fly take into account that these gases are present and ready to become a potential problem. One of the more dangerous problems an aviator may face is the threat of decompression sickness (possible nitrogen bubbles in body fluids and tissues) at altitude. The first cases of decompression sickness occurred with caisson workers (tunnelers) in the early 1800s. Though the problem of decompression sickness has been studied for nearly 200 years, still there is not a lot known about this potentially life threatening disorder. The patho physiology of decompression sickness stems from gaseous bubbles (presumably nitrogen) forming and lodging in various tissues of the body. As mentioned earlier, the problem of decompression sickness stems from reduced barometric pressure at altitude. This nitrogen that we breathe is taken into the lungs at a pressure of 608mm Hg (80% of the total atmospheric pressure [760mm Hg] at sea level). The nitrogen is then distributed through out the body, via the circulatory system, and stored at a pressure of about 608mm. As long as you remain at sea level, the nitrogen pressure inside the body and outside of the body are in equilibrium. But, when atmospheric pressure is reduced, as in flying unpressurized at altitude, then the equilibrium is upset. If the pressure differential is not too great, and, the rate of ascent is slow enough, then the nitrogen will leave as a gas and you simply exhale it. But, if the gas leaves too quickly, and the tissues become super saturated with nitrogen, a bubble(s) may form. The first description of a case resulting from diving activities while wearing a pressurized hard hat was reported in 1869. In present-day aviation, technology allows civilian aircraft (commercial and private) to fly higher and faster than ever before. Though modern aircraft are safer and more reliable, occupants are still subject to the stresses of high altitude flight?and the unique problems that go with these lofty heights. One of the best practical demonstrations of this law is offered by opening a soft drink. When the cap is removed from the bottle, gas is heard escaping, and bubbles can be seen forming in the soda. This is carbon dioxide gas coming out of solution as a result of sudden exposure to lower barometric pressure. Similarly, nitrogen is an inert gas normally stored throughout the human body (tissues and fluids) in physical solution. When the body is exposed to decreased barometric pressures (as in flying an unpressurized aircraft to altitude, or during a rapid decompression), the nitrogen dissolved in the body comes out of solution. If the nitrogen is forced to leave the solution too rapidly, bubbles form in different areas of the body, causing a variety of signs and symptoms. If the signs and symptoms persist during descent or reappear at ground level, it is necessary to provide hyperbaric oxygen treatment immediately (100% oxygen delivered in a high-pressure chamber). Oxygen prebreathing promotes the elimination (washout) of nitrogen from body tissues. Therefore, at the present time it is only being used by military flight crews and astronauts for their protection during high altitude and space operations. It is important to clarify that, although exposures to incremental altitudes above 18,000 ft. An individual exposed to a rapid decompression (high rate of ascent) above 18,000 ft. Previous Injury There is some indication that recent joint or limb injuries may predispose individuals to developing "the bends". Although fat represents only 15% of an adult normal body, it stores over half of the total amount of nitrogen (about 1 liter) normally dissolved in the body. Exercise When a person is physically active while flying at altitudes above 18,000 ft. Under these conditions, there is a significant increase in the amount of nitrogen dissolved in the body (body nitrogen saturation). Even if the symptoms disappear during descent, you should still land and seek medical evaluation while continuing to breath oxygen.
Show that equivalence between binary quadratic forms is an equiva lence relation prostate oncology pharmacy purchase line rogaine 5. Use the second derivative test for functions of several variables to show if a > 0 prostate 05 order rogaine 5 mastercard, c > 0 prostate cancer blood in urine purchase 60 ml rogaine 5 free shipping, a2? If the ai are required to be integers prostate 30 ml order generic rogaine 5 on line, the resulting expression is called a simple nite continued fraction prostate cancer 35 rogaine 5 60ml otc. References to continued fractions can be found in Indian mathematical works prostate cancer kidney failure prognosis purchase rogaine 5 60 ml with amex, in particular prostate oncology reports 60 ml rogaine 5 sale, in those of Aryabhata in the sixth century and Bhaskara in the twelfth century prostate and masurbation best 60ml rogaine 5. Fibonacci uses and attempts a general de?nion of continued fractions in Liber abaci. In 1572, Bombelli employed simple continued fractions to approximate the values of square roots as did Cataldi before him. It was, however, Cataldi who rst developed a symbolism and properties of continued fractions. Ina posthumous paper, Descriptio automati planetarii, Christiaan Huygens used continued fraction expansions to determine the number of teeth on the gears of a planetarium he was constructing. A straightforward inductive argument shows that every nite simple continued fraction represents a rational number. A nite simple continued fraction of length one is an integer and, hence, rational. The converse is also true, namely, every rational number can be expressed as a nite simple continued fraction. Convergents were rst described by Daniel Schwenter, Profes sor of Hebrew, Oriental Languages, and Mathematics at the University of Altdorf, who included the convergents of 177 in his Geometrica practica in 233 1618. In order to simulate the motion of Saturn correctly, he needed to ef?ciently construct two gears, one with p teeth, the other with q teeth, such that paq is approximately 26. It offers a practical way to solve linear Diophantine equations of the form ax A by? With a little ingenuity, the method can be adapted to solve Diophan tine equations of the form ax? With the few examples we have considered, you may have noticed that the odd convergents, c2k? Hence, c, c and the se 2r 2rA2 2r 2r 2rA2 2r 2rA2 quence of even convergents is decreasing. X yk ykA1 ykykA1 ykykA1 If k is even and m is odd and less than k, then m (odd), k A 1 (odd), k (even). Ifk is odd and m is even and greater than k, then k (odd), k A 1 (even) < m (even). In any case, the odd convergents are bounded above by all the even convergents and the even convergents are bounded below by all the odd convergents. If the ai, for i > 1, are required to be integers then the expression is called a simple in?nite continued fraction. Recall, from mathematical analysis, that every bounded monotonic (either increasing or decreasing) sequence converges. X n yn b byn Therefore, let n be such that bxn A ayn 1 0,, X by by n n Hence, 0, jbxn A aynj, 1. However, since a, b, xn, yn are integers, this implies that there is an integer between 0 and 1, a contradiction. See [Niven, Zuckerman, and Montgomery] for the proof of uniquenes of the representation. It was from discussions with Cotes on continued fractions that Saunderson devised his practical algorithm (Theorem 2. Let us determine a rational representation for the in?nite periodic continued fraction 1 [1, 3, 5]? The rst publication of Evariste Galois, in 1828, dealt with periodic continued fractions. Galois, who died in a duel at the age of 20, had an exceptionally brilliant mathematical mind. His work, as a teenager, founded the theory of solvability of algebraic equations by radicals. In 1907, this result was generalized by Major Percy MacMahon who showed that integral solutions to xn A dyn? Use the process outlined in the section to determine the continued fraction expansions for p? If n is a positive integer, then determine the number represented by the periodic in?nite continued fraction [n]. A more generalized form of continued fraction was used by the ancients to approximate square roots. Suppose that aab, a, cad, where a is irrational, a, b, c, d are positive, and bc A ad? A function v from a eld F to the nonnegative real numbers is called a valuation or norm on F if for all x and y in F the following properties hold: (1) v(x) > 0, and v(x)? From the rst properties it follows that if e denotes the multiplicative identity of the eld F then v(e)? Two examples of valuations over the reals are the trivial valuation given by & 1, if x T? Ax x, 0X A valuation is called non-Archimedean if it satis?es the ultrametric inequality, 280 Representations (4) v(x? The trivial metric is an example of a non-Archimedean valuation and the absolute value is an example of an Archimedean valuation. Given any prime p, every rational number q can be written uniquely as (aab) pa, where gcd(a, b)? In general, v(x) < 1, for all x in F, is true for any non-Archimedean valuation v(x) over a eld F. If r and s are rational numbers, then r divides s if and only if jsj p < jrj p for every prime p. Ostrowski showed that every nontrivial valuation in the rational numbers is equivalent to either the absolute value or a p-adic valuation. A distance function or metric d is a nonnegative real valued function de?ned on ordered pairs of elements of a set such that (1) d(x, y) > 0, and d(x, y)? Each valuation on a eld generates a metric or distance function, namely, d(x, y)? The trivial valuation gives rise to the trivial metric d0(x, y) which equals 1 if x T? If d is the metric generated by the non-Archimedean valuation v, then, since x A y? Consider three points x, y, and 0 where, without loss of generality, we have let one of the points be the origin. Therefore, every triangle in a non-Archimedean geometry has the property that its two longest sides are of equal length. That is, given any real positive number E there is a natural number N such that jan A Lj p, E whenever n. Another interesting consequence of the de?nition of p-adic convergence is that, 7 adically speaking, A1? To see why this is the case, add 1 to both sides of the equation and continue to combine terms to obtain. More formally, a sequence (a) of rational numbers is called 4 n a p-adic Cauchy sequence if for every positive number E there is an integer N such that whenever m and n are greater than N, jan A amj p, E. Two p adic Cauchy sequences (an) and (bn) are called equivalent if limn3Ijan A bnj p? This is an equivalence relation and, hence, parti tions the p-adic Cauchy sequences into equivalence classes, denoted by Qp. If we de?ne the operations of addition and multiplication on Qp to be componentwise addition and multiplication, that is (an)? To see how it may be applied to the analysis of binary quadratic forms see [Cassels]. If p is prime, show that the p-adic valuation satis?es the three conditions for a valuation. Prove that if r and s are rational numbers, then r divides s if and only if jsj p < jrj p for every prime p. De?ne the unit disk U in the 2-dimensional Cartesian plane to be the set of all points where distance from the origin is at most one. Show that if v is a non-Archimedean valuation on the eld F, then every point of D(a, r)? In this chapter, our main concern is with the algebraic manipulation of the coef?cients of generating functions. We are not interested in the convergence or divergence of generating functions considered as in?nite series. Generating functions were introduced in 1748 by Euler in Introductio in analysin in?nitorum. He used generating functions as a tool to discover a number of interesting properties concerning partitions. Several straightfor ward generating functions for familiar sequences can be derived by simple polynomial division. Many other number theoretic functions we have encountered have nontrivial generating functions. In a paper dated 1747, but published posthumously, Euler noted that the generating function for o(n) is given by? Determine the generating function for o k, the sum of the kth powers of the divisors of n. In each of the n A 1 spaces between two of the ones, we may or may not put a slash. From the multiplication principle, there are 2nA1 choices for all the slashes and each choice generates an ordered partition of n. Since there are n A 1 k A 1 ways of placing the k A 1 slashes in the n A 1 slots between the ones, the number of ordered partitions of the positive integer n into exactly k parts equals n A 1 X k A 1 Summing over all possible cases, we obtain n? That is, we consider only the partitions of n which are expressions of n as a sum of positive integers in descending order. For example, the partitions of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 are given by 12 3 4 5 6 7 1? In 1740, Philipp NaudeA, a Berlin mathematician originally from Metz, France, proposed the following two questions to Euler. For example, the coef?cient of x9z3 is 3 and it results from summing the terms x6z. For example, the coef?cient of x8z3 is 5 and it results from summing the terms (x6z)(x2z), (x5z)(x2z)(xz), (x4z)(x3z)(xz), (x4z)(x4z2), and (x6z2)(x2z). That is, in the product of sums, it corresponds to choosing x2 from the rst sum, x8? In addition, the terms x3x6x1 and x8x2 each contribute exactly 1 to the coef?cient of x10. In general, each partition of 10 contributes exactly once to the coef? cient of x10. Therefore, the generating function for p(n), the number of ways n can be written as a sum of not necessarily distinct positive integers, is given by? Determine the generating function for the number of ways the positive integer n can be written as a distinct sum of cubes. Determine the generating function for the number of ways the positive integer n can be written as a distinct sum of triangular numbers. Determine the generating function for the number of ways the positive integer n can be written as a distinct sum of prime numbers. Determine the generating function for the number of ways the postive integer n can be written as a sum of cubes. Determine the generating function for the number of ways the positive integer n can be written as a sum of triangular numbers. Determine the generating function for the number of ways the positive integer n can be written as a sum of prime numbers. Determine the generating function for the numbers of ways of repre senting the positive integer n as a sum of distinct primes each greater than 7. Determine the generating function for the number of ways of repre senting the positive integer n as a sum of odd numbers greater than 11. Determine the generating function for the number of ways of repre senting the positive integer n as a sum of even numbers between 6 and 20 inclusive. Determine all the odd partitions of 9 and all the partitions of 9 into distinct parts. For 1 < n < 9, construct a table with columns p(n), the number of partitions of n; pe(n), the number of partitions of n using only even positive integers; po(n), the number of partitions of n using only odd positive integers; pd(n), the number of partitions of n using distinct positive integers; ped(n), the number of partitions of n into an even number of distinct parts; pod(n), the number of partitions of n into an odd number of distinct parts; and p1(n), the total number of 1s that appear in the partitions of n. He edited the Mathematical Papers of George Green and served as Master of Gonville and Caius College and Vice-Chancellor of Cambridge University. His geometric representation is useful in establishing a number of results concerning partitions. If we interchange the rows and columns of a Ferrers diagram, we obtain the conjugate Ferrers diagram. Using our convention of expressing each partition of a positive integer with terms in descending order, the longest row of each Ferrers diagram will be at the top and the longest column will be the rst. Any Ferrers diagram identical with its conjugate is called a selfconjugate Ferrers diagram. Sylvester and William Pitt Durfee, a graduate student at Johns Hopkins, noted that in any selfconjugate partition the shells outlined in the selfconjugate Ferrers diagrams, shown in Figure 9. Thus, the Ferrers diagrams represent the partition of a positive integer into a sum of odd parts as for selfcongugate partitions of 12 and 24. After receiving his degree from Johns Hopkins, Durfee taught mathematics at Hobart College, now Hobart?William Smith College, in Geneva, New York. Recall that pk(n) represents the number of partitions of n into parts none of which exceeds k and p(n, k) denotes the number of partitions of n into exactly k parts. Hence, pk(n) A pkA1(n) represents the number of parti tions of n into parts the largest of which is k. For each partition for which the largest part is k, the conjugate partition has k parts and vice versa. Hence, the number of partitions of n into k parts equals the number of partitions of n into parts the largest of which is k. Similarly, the number of partitions of n into at most k parts equals the number of partitions of n into parts which do not exceed k. Consider a Ferrers diagram of the positive integer a A c with b A 1 parts none of which is larger than c and adjoin a new top row of length c to obtain a Ferrers diagram representing a partition of a into b parts the largest of which is c. The conjugate of the revised Ferrers diagram represents a partition of a into c parts the largest of which is b. Deleting the top row of the conjugate Ferrers diagram we obtain a Ferrers diagram representing a partition of a A b into c A 1 parts the largest of which is b. The operations are reversible, hence, we have established the next result, rst established by Sylvester in 1853. For a given positive integer n, there is no elementary formula for determin ing p(n). For convenience, we denote the order of a set A, that is the number of elements in A,by|A|. Let T represent the union of the set A of partitions of n A 1 whose largest term is k A 1 and the set B of partitions of n A k whose largest term is k. Franklin was the husband of the mathematician?psychologist, Christine Ladd Franklin. When he left Johns Hopkins to begin a career in journalism in New York, Ladd taught at Columbia. If b, s remove the b dots on the bottom row and adjoin one each to the end of each of the rst b rows of the diagram. This process transforms a partition of n with an even number of distinct parts into a partition of n with an odd number of distinct parts and vice versa. Hence, there is a one-to-one correspondence between partitions of n into an even number of distinct parts and partitions of n into an odd number of distinct parts, and for these values of n, ped(n) A pod(n)? Substituting Ax for x, we account for the contribution of a plus or minus 1 to each coef?cient depending on whether the number of distinct parts in the partition is even or odd respectively. After a distin guished career with the Royal Artillery in Madras and as an instructor at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, MacMahon at age 58 went up to Cambridge University to pursue research in combinatorial number theory. About the same time that he derived the partition formula, Euler devised an analogous formula for o(n), the sum of the divisors of n. He found 300 Partitions 8 11 7 1 1 11 6 1 2 12 5 1 3 12 5 1 2 1 1 11 4 1 4 11 4 1 3 1 1 11 4 1 2 1 2 12 3 1 3 1 2 12 3 1 2 1 2 1 1 11 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 11 15 5 p(7) Figure 9. MacMahon discovered an interesting relationship concerning partitions which he included in Combinatorial Analysis. MacMahon de?ned a partition of n to be perfect if every integer from 1 to n A 1 can be represented in a unique way as a sum of parts from the partition. George Andrews of Pennsylvania State University proved that the number of partitions of n in which only odd parts may be repeated equals the number of partitions of n in which no part appears more than three times. Guy showed that the numbers of partitions of a positive integer into (a) odd parts greater than unity, (b) unequal parts such that the greatest two parts differ by unity, and (c) unequal parts which are not powers of 2, are all equal. Let p1(n) denote the 1s number of a positive integer n, that is, the total number of 1s that appear in all the partitions of n. Proof If we add a 1 to any partition of n A 1, we obtain a partition of n with at least one 1. Since k occurs in exactly p(n A k) partitions of n, the parts number of n also equals p(n)?
A nearby colleague androgen hormone optimization purchase rogaine 5 60ml on line, formerly no more available for requires new ways for people to stay in touch with old col lunch than a hundred others prostate queen arizona order rogaine 5 without prescription, is seen to be in the vicinity and leagues androgen hormone stimulation 60ml rogaine 5 with mastercard, meet new ones prostate cancer biopsy procedure purchase generic rogaine 5 pills, and become aware of the exciting can be instantly messaged or found on foot prostate cancer yoga purchase rogaine 5 online now. First mens health on ipad purchase rogaine 5 with paypal, the campus organiza tion itself brings people with complementary interests into close proximity prostate cancer tattoo generic rogaine 5 60ml amex, easing communication and increasing the chances of serendipitous interactions androgen hormone balance cheap 60 ml rogaine 5 with mastercard. The campus not only brings learners and teachers together, but also concentrates area specialists by organizing the campus into schools and departments of expertise (such as schools of Engineering and departments of Computer Science). A department is not just an aggregation of interest, but is a full-blown institution pro viding services for its aggregate of people, including working spaces, meeting spaces, seminars, opportunities for chance interaction, equipment, curricula, degree programs, funding, etc. Because these institutions operate through proximity, they function less well when people are not there? on a full-time or full-attention basis. Moreover, it can take considerable time for someone to internalize the workings?the culture? of an institution. If someone does not know the internal workings of an institution (for example, how talks are sched uled and where they normally occur) its mediating power is lost on them, and indeed possibilities are disguised (when it is possible to drop in for a talk). Further complicating matters is that many campus institutional structures crosscut each other, creating ambiguity, but also richness. Each department sits in a college neighborhood and is nuanced by it, yet it actually Figure 1: the Map and Buddies services. The Buddies service shows colleagues and their locations, organized by their prox We hypothesize that mobile computing applications, by me imity. Other services are reached by the navigation bar or clicking items embedded in the views. In such a role, ActiveCampus is not a replacement or proxy for extant institutions, but rather a facilitator. As part of a broader project puting power, as well as (on the positive side) their mobility using the campus as a living laboratory, researchers in the and relative unobtrusiveness. Third, we demonstrate these services with a par tution is typically a physically aggregated entity, displaying ticular design and implementation suitable for small form an institution in a transparent form and showing its mediated factor wireless devices. Depending on the Theory and Requirements Here, we interpret institution broadly, including entities like depart Learning activities, spontaneous and otherwise, are heavily ments, libraries, seminar series, and even people. The notions of mediated mediated by a university campus through its structural con learning described herein are informed by the work of Michael Cole [2]. Clicking on different parts There are many research efforts on augmenting the physical of the tree leads to different parts of an interactive artwork. Now she begins to lay information to enhance their knowledge of what they are understand all the weird stuff she?d been seeing on campus! Even if she had seen these out of her morning Engineering 53 lecture, introduction to posters earlier, it would not have been in the context of her electrical engineering. In the Price Center, the mere concentration talk gets technical quickly, the introduction has shown her a of people is the barrier created by the institution, but the con link between people and computer engineering. After helping her notice that her friend Brad sage icon highlighted in blue), clicks on him and sends him was nearby, she used messaging and his displayed location a Wanna go eat? In this way, Sarah is using Active After lunch, Sarah decides to go to the library to get a head Campus to maintain and even develop her social network in start on her Engineering 53 homework. Sarah could meet new people by modify brary, she notices that the tree outside the library is not dead, ing her privacy settings from the default visible to buddies only? to visible to buddies and others. Inanadhoc sophical and technical guidance on technology-sustainedcom community, it might be hard to buddy-up spontaneously with munities. Jadine Yee, Justin Lee, Daniel Wittmer, Antje Petzold, Jean Aw, Linchi Tang, Adriene Jenik, and Jason Chen for their Digital Graf? Consequently, she found out not only what bol Technologies for their software technical support. Interacting with Computers, etly listening undergraduates, but a place where people just 14:301?312, 2002. Using and Sarah has taken an important step from being a passive visi determining location in a context-sensitive tour guide. Any ActiveCampus entity can be tagged: a static ob location-based information systems. Through A component architecture for an extensible, highly integrated artistic expressions, political debates, and the like, graf? Rapid a few typical examples of serendipitous interactions assisted prototyping of mobile context-aware applications: the Cy by ActiveCampus. Ben heads over to the cafeteria and joins Bill and tion tool for location awareness to support informal interac Jens for lunch. Context-sensitive nomadic the food court, and concludes that he?ll arrive shortly. In Ubicomp 2000, pages 127?142, Berlin, Bob is waiting for Bill to return to his of? It employs badges, active radio proximity tags, global positioning novel probabilistic techniques such as particle filters to fuse system receivers, infrared laser range-finders, 802. Specifically, our live and remote procedure calls, similar to many modern demonstration tracks multiple people using statistical ubiquitous computing systems. Participants are invited to the Location Stack codifies a set of layered abstractions don tracking badges and watch a projected visualization of based on properties identified in a previous survey of the real-time probabilistic estimates of all participants? location systems [1] and the design experiences of several locations. We want to interact naturally with input-output devices casually encountered in the environment. Yet, to meet these goals, existing location aware ubicomp systems can be improved in two areas: 1. Solid design abstractions can provide a common vocabulary for comparative evaluation of location systems. Fusing readings from multiple different sensor technologies can exploit the advantages of each technology while presenting a single application Figure 1: the Location Stack abstractions are a general programming interface that probabilistically represents framework and common vocabulary for location-aware location information. Based on We briefly discuss the layers and the interfaces they lessons from a previous survey of location systems [1] we provide with particular emphasis on the fusion layer the created the Location Stack, a common vocabulary and thrust of this demonstration. Information is pushed up the stack as sensors generate new information about the changing state of the physical world. Measurements Each sensor driver discretizes and classifies the data produced into measurements of type Distance, Angle, Proximity, or Position as well as several aggregate types such as Scan (a distance-angle combination). These measurement likelihood models describe the probability of observing a measurement given a location of the person or object. Such a model consists of two types of information: First, the sensor noise and, second, a map of the environment. Figure 3: Measurement likelihood model for infrared the problem of constructing maps of indoor environments proximity badges. Darker areas represent higher receives substantial attention in the robotics research likelihood. The likelihood function is a ring around the location of the sensor where the width of the ring is the uncertainty in the measured distance. Such noise may be represented by a Gaussian distribution centered at the measured distance. Furthermore, since ultrasound sensors frequently produce measurements that are far from the true distance due to reflections, all locations in the environment have some likelihood, as indicated by the gray areas in the map. Infrared sensors provide only proximity information, so likelihood is a circular region around the receiver. In this demonstration we illustrate Figure 2: Measurement likelihood model ultrasound estimating the location of multiple people where each tags. Refer to [3] for a general survey of Bayesian filtering techniques for location estimation or [4] for an in depth treatment of particle filters and Monte Carlo statistical techniques. First, we have shown how particle filters can be used more efficiently by constraining possible locations of a person to locations on a Voronoi graph of free space that naturally represents typical human motion along the main axes of the environment. In experiments we found that such Voronoi graph tracking results in better estimates with less computation. Furthermore, the Voronoi graph structure can be used to learn high-level motion patterns of a person. For example, the graph can capture information such as Rebecca goes into room 22 with probability 0. In particular, we have introduced a technique to combine Figure 4: Sensor fusion of infrared and ultrasound highly accurate anonymous sensors like scanning infrared sensors. In this example, Arrangements the person is wearing an infrared badge and ultrasound tag We provide two operators to relate the locations of multiple and starts in the upper right corner as indicated by the icon. We provide a test for multi-object proximity given Since the start location is unknown to the system, the a distance and a test for containment with a map region. The second picture (top right) shows the posteriors of each object, the results of these tests can also location probability after the person has moved out of the be probabilistic. At this point, the pairwise confidence matrix that a given group of objects samples are spread over different locations. Taken together, these ultrasound sensor detects the person, their location can be operators provide a probabilistic implementation of the estimated more accurately, as shown in the third (bottom programming with space? metaphor as used with great left) picture in Figure 4. Future hallway on the left, the samples are spread over a larger work in our implementation of the Arrangements layer is to area, since this area is only covered by infrared sensors that provide an additional operator to test for more general only provide very coarse location information (bottom geometric formations of multiple objects. Objects are tracked in 7 dimensions (x, categorizes contextual information into semantic states y, z, pitch, roll, yaw, and linear velocity). Our performance (more objects or a faster measurement rate) implementation of the Context and Activities layers is in its can be realized by reducing the state space to two infancy because few ubiquitous computing systems have dimensions or through more advanced techniques such as been deployed which take sensor information all the way our technique of constraining the particle filters to Voronoi up to the level of human activity inference. Another way inroads, we are collaborating with the Assisted Cognition to increase performance is to distribute computation across research group, a group seeking to create novel computer multiple fusion services, although applying certain systems that will enhance the quality of life of people Arrangements layer operators then poses additional suffering from Alzheimer disease and similar cognitive challenges. Springer-Verlag, statistical sensor fusion of information from multiple New York, 2001. Voronoi tracking: Location estimation using sparse the Location Stack abstractions structure location systems and noisy sensor data. A tutorial on hidden Markov models and available Java package containing a complete framework selected applications in speech recognition. The clip on keyboards, and data gloves, impede device multitude of attempted solutions to the text input problem usability. To interact with the device the user must either for mobile devices addresses such usability issues. Our don the interaction accessory or, say, pick up a stylus, novel approach to the handheld interaction problem makes which in the case of many portable devices, means that use of animated transparencies and mouse-gesture both hands are needed [5]. Many small techniques to create interface tools that permit the liberal device interface mechanisms, such as optimized soft and intensive population of a display with adequately sized keyboards for text input, are not easy to learn to use [12]. Additionally we strive to realize example with a significant learning overhead [13]. A suitable balance between redundancy in input elements composed of integrated superimposed animated device features and availability of display area should graphical layering [1,3,8,15] or, more specifically, image be sought. This application is used throughout the commonly used to optimize screen area, which can often paper to provide supporting examples of our approach. The Constraints of Handheld Interaction conventional approach of using a layer of transparency to All proposed solutions to the handheld interaction problem display a menu is done at the cost of obscuring whatever is fail to acknowledge the constraints of portability and in the background. This is not the image multiplexing compactness, ease and convenience of interaction and the effect we are after, but rather a compromise between two deft conservation of screen real estate. Overloading, or further confounded due to the lack of a suitable solution, image multiplexing, is the application of techniques such giving rise to multiple versions of essentially the same as dynamic signatures and animation [1,3,7,8,15] to permit approaches, varying only in the design compromises made, the layering of multiple transparent images, whilst such as proposing the use of larger control elements at the reducing the effects of visual rivalry between these expense of screen real-estate. Consider the following competing layers, a sort of intensive farming? of screen influences on interface design for small handheld devices. An important factor in the design of user interfaces for small devices is ease of use. In order to free up as much screen the incorporation of simple gestures or mouse strokes display as possible, input dialogues are reduced in size. To [10,13] is an elegant solution offering the additional minimize the display area used, designers resort to using context required beyond that of the restricted point & click menus. This permits a larger population of control hierarchical submenus, leading to an awkward, slow, and elements with a greater redundancy of related commands cumbersome interaction style [9]. Unnecessary interaction without compromise to their size, thus facilitating manual 52 interaction. By using a mouse, pen, or touchpad, the user Gesture Activated Buttons and List Elements simply draws a 2D symbol to execute an action; we will In Figure 2 we see the use of the gesture activated Name? refer to this as stroke or gesture interaction. By drawing a gestural input is partly a consequence of implementing T? over it (left) the interface lists all telephone number visual overloading, since it is necessary to resolve issues of entries that begin with the letter T? and by drawing a P? layer interaction. To avoid the overhead of manipulating (middle) the list is further optimized to all elements that layers, such as moving them about, to address, for example, begin with the letter T? and contain the letter P. This elements or widgets, which are beneath a layer, gestural approach drastically cuts down on executions for selecting interaction is used to provide the necessary context. This approach was taken to assist in rapid prototyping and to avoid any difficulties with device specific limitations. This we did to show that processor intensive alpha blending was not essential and adequate results could be achieved with simple well chosen animations. A gesture activated Name? Button is used to & click? approach or the user can circumvent intrusive make a search for a telephone number. Whereas, a symbol drawn on the right side of the list will further refine the search to any remaining items that contain the desired letter. Redundancy of Interaction Styles this form of interaction model is not restricted to gestural interaction alone, it can be used in the same way as a conventional mobile phone or by using the gesture optimizations. This allows the user to learn these gesture optimizations as they become familiar, thus avoiding any significant learning overhead. The initial screen contains a list of frequently called numbers (Figure 1), to access the details of a dialed numbers and two animated overloaded controls. The telephone number the user can click on the menu button darker traces show the execution of a stroke. Similarly, in the example from figure 2 the In addition, two overloaded control elements, depicted in user can dispense with the gesture interaction and use a Figure 1 are superimposed over the menu items, one of an series of hierarchical menus by simply tapping on the envelope to access messaging functions and the others of option button and accessing a number in the conventional the word register?, to access the call register, which fashion. A necessary example is that of dialing a number (see We now discuss the interface components and consider Figure 3), the use of gestures would be a less than adequate some interaction scenarios to help explain the use and means of carrying out this task, so the approach resorts to a benefits of this interface design. A letter is selected by starting a simple gradient gesture over a group of letters, as shown in Figure 4 (Middle, Left). In this example the L? has been selected, whereas an upward stroke would select K? and a left up stroke would select the letter J. The approach to text input enables the user to enter text easily without a complex combination of keystrokes via an adequately sized soft keyboard. The appropriate With respect to the design requirements discussed earlier, gesture is executed over the Menu? button to access a the benefits of our proposed design of a mobile phone dialogue to dial a number. A greater cognitive purchase afforded by the gesture expected, executing the appropriate gesture over a list item interaction will execute a command. The incorporation of standard point & click with the overloaded icon, demonstrated in figure 1 (left), accesses overloaded gesture interaction exploits a redundancy the Missed calls? dialogue, whereas executing an r? of interaction styles, thus optimizing learnability. The tasks were first carried out in the conventional way (through hierarchical menus), and then by the stroke-optimized route. After spending a short time learning to use the interface, the users readily completed the tasks unaided, and expressed a preference for the gesture optimized shortcuts and overloaded icons over conventional interaction styles. The subjects reported they did not favor devices that relied on additional interaction aids, such as a stylus, and preferred our model, which supports manual operation. Subjects also commented that our interface is less awkward to use than systems without gesture interaction. A text input dialogue that embodies the same approach for the overloaded text input panel as used for the Moreover, we discovered that, with appropriate training, a Register? overloaded icon (Figure 1). This is achieved without compose? over the animated envelope would open a text the cumbersome interaction associated with common input dialogue (Figure 4), whereas an I? or O? would mobile devices. This represents a significant improvement invoke the Inbox? and Outbox?, respectively. The text over conventional text input for handheld devices with small display screens. Back to the the appropriate gesture, although a user could always resort future: a graphical layering system inspired by to the conventional form of interaction if difficulties were transparent paper. The Finger-Joint this paper has proposed a solution to the problems and Gesture Wearable Keypad. A prototype system, making use of gestures and visual overloading, was also described. We also intend to explore the use of our techniques in a predictive text application. An efficient Text Input method for Handheld theory that gesture interaction and animated icons are and Ubiquitous Computers. Lecture Notes in Computer suitable for creating highly usable small devices and to Science (1707), Handheld and Ubiquitous Computing, examine the acceptability of animated transparencies with Springer Verlag, 289-300, 1999. Text entry Finally, we recognize that our future research will benefit using soft keyboards. Using emerging practical solution to the problem of detecting the increasing technology, in an everyday functional object, we create a coverage of wireless networks in our lives. Keywords the practical need for discovering WiFi radio waves has existed since the very emergence of this standard in the late Wireless networking, WiFi/802. Later, with the increasing popularity of WiFi and a connectivity to public spaces of the city such as streets, proliferation of access points over larger areas, the parks, cafeterias and plazas. Intentionally or not, some of these the impracticality of our current methods of network networks are open and unencrypted. They are a useful detection walking with open laptops, driving with resource for anyone with a mobile lifestyle and wireless computer equipment in cars, searching for cryptic sidewalk connectivity. An early inspiration was to explore the border between the tangible and intangible in our perception of space. The idea Several computer equipment manufacturers [6, 7] have that we are passing through electromagnetic, radio, WiFi realized the need for WiFi detectors and are producing waves, which are out there but invisible, triggers a lot of equipment towards that end. However, these new devices imagination about how it would be best to sense them and demand that you carry yet another object in your already then portray them. WiFisense differs in that it seeks to integrate the needed technology into the objects There have been projects in the past that attempted to look that are already a part of our everyday lives. WiFisense currently gives most Recent work on ambient displays [2] has demonstrated that advantage to people with a laptop due to the fact that they they are successful as interfaces to more indirect, less can use the information it provides to get on the net.
The distorted room illusion prostate warmer discount rogaine 5 60ml line, equivalent configurations mens health vintage t-shirt buy rogaine 5 with a visa, and the specificity of static optic arrays prostate on ct purchase rogaine 5 online. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance prostate cancer 80 year old purchase rogaine 5 60ml without prescription, 14(2) prostate in spanish purchase rogaine 5 60 ml mastercard, 295?304 prostate 180 at walmart purchase rogaine 5 60 ml online. Altering expectancy dampens neural response to aversive taste in primary taste cortex prostate 5k run buy cheapest rogaine 5 and rogaine 5. Talis pater prostate transplant generic rogaine 5 60ml mastercard, talis filius: Perceived resemblance and the belief in genetic relatedness. Marketing actions can moderate neural representations of experienced pleasantness. See the ball, hit the ball: Apparent ball size is correlated with batting average. A psychophysical approach to air safety: Simulator studies of visual illusions in night approaches. The effects of spatial sampling and luminance quantization on the image quality of color matrix displays. The development and evaluation of color systems for airborne applications: Phase I Fundamental visual, perceptual, and display systems considerations(Tech. The study of sensation and perception is exceedingly important for our everyday lives because the knowledge generated by psychologists is used in so many ways to help so many people. Each sense accomplishes the basic process of transduction?the conversion of stimuli detected by receptor cells into electrical impulses that are then transported to the brain?in different, but related, ways. Psychophysics is the branch of psychology that studies the effects of physical stimuli on sensory perceptions. Most of our cerebral cortex is devoted to seeing, and we have substantial visual skills. The eye is a specialized system that includes the cornea, pupil, iris, lens, and retina. Neurons, including rods and cones, react to light landing on the retina and send it to the visual cortex via the optic nerve. The shade of a color, known as hue, is conveyed by the wavelength of the light that enters the eye. The Young-Helmholtz trichromatic color theory and the opponent-process color theory are theories of how the brain perceives color. The ear detects both the amplitude (loudness) and frequency (pitch) of sound waves. Important structures of the ear include the pinna, eardrum, ossicles, cochlea, and the oval window. The frequency theory of hearing proposes that as the pitch of a sound wave increases, nerve impulses of a corresponding frequency are sent to the auditory nerve. The place theory of hearing proposes that different areas of the cochlea respond to different frequencies. Sounds that are 85 decibels or more can cause damage to your hearing, particularly if you are exposed to them repeatedly. Sounds that exceed 130 decibels are dangerous, even if you are exposed to them infrequently. The tongue detects six different taste sensations, known respectively as sweet, salty, sour, bitter, piquancy (spicy), and umami (savory). Thousands of nerve endings in the skin respond to four basic sensations: Pressure, hot, cold, and pain, but only the sensation of pressure has its own specialized receptors. The ability to keep track of where the body is moving is provided by the vestibular system. Perception involves the processes of sensory interaction, selective attention, sensory adaptation, and perceptual constancy. There, he attacked them with a knife, killing his mother-in-law and severely injuring his father in-law. Parks then drove to a police station and stumbled into the building, holding up his bloody hands and saying, I think I killed some people?my hands. He said that he remembered going to sleep in his bed, then awakening in the police station with bloody hands, but nothing in between. His defense was that he had [1] been asleep during the entire incident and was not aware of his actions (Martin, 2009). However, further investigation established that he did have a long history of sleepwalking, he had no motive for the crime, and despite repeated attempts to trip him up in numerous interviews, he was completely consistent in his story, which also fit the timeline of events. Parks was examined by a team of sleep specialists, who found that the pattern of brain waves that occurred while he slept was [2] very abnormal (Broughton, Billings, Cartwright, & Doucette, 1994). The specialists eventually concluded that sleepwalking, probably precipitated by stress and anxiety over his financial troubles, was the most likely explanation of his aberrant behavior. They also agreed that such a combination of stressors was unlikely to happen again, so he was not likely to undergo another such violent episode and was probably not a hazard to others. Given this combination of evidence, the jury acquitted Parks of murder and assault charges. Consciousness is defined as our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment (Koch, [4] 2004). We all know what it means to be conscious, and we assume (although we can never be sure) that other human beings experience their consciousness similarly to how we experience ours. The study of consciousness has long been important to psychologists and plays a role in many important psychological theories. Some philosophers and religious practices argue that the mind (or soul) and the body are separate entities. For instance, the French philosopher Rene Descartes (1596?1650) was a proponent of dualism, the idea that the mind, a nonmaterial entity, is separate from (although connected to) the physical body. In contrast to the dualists, psychologists believe that consciousness (and thus the mind) exists in the brain, not separate from it. In fact, psychologists believe that consciousness is the result of the activity of the many neural connections in the brain, and that we experience different states of consciousness depending on what our brain is currently doing [6] (Dennett, 1991; Koch & Greenfield, 2007). The study of consciousness is also important to the fundamental psychological question regarding the presence of free will. Although we may understand and believe that some of our behaviors are caused by forces that are outside our awareness. And yet psychologists are increasingly certain that a great deal of our behavior is caused by processes of which we are unaware and over which we [7] have little or no control (Libet, 1999; Wegner, 2003). Our experience of consciousness is functional because we use it to guide and control our behavior, and to think logically about problems (DeWall, Baumeister, & Masicampo, [8] 2008). Consciousness allows us to plan activities and to monitor our progress toward the goals we set for ourselves. And consciousness is fundamental to our sense of morality?we believe that we have the free will to perform moral actions while avoiding immoral behaviors. But in some cases consciousness may become aversive, for instance when we become aware that we are not living up to our own goals or expectations, or when we believe that other people perceive us negatively. Because the brain varies in its current level and type of activity, consciousness is transitory. If we drink too much coffee or beer, the caffeine or alcohol influences the activity in our brain, and our consciousness may change. When we are anesthetized before an operation or experience a concussion after a knock on the head, we may lose consciousness entirely as a result of changes in brain activity. We also lose consciousness when we sleep, and it is with this altered state of consciousness that we begin our chapter. Draw a graphic showing the usual phases of sleep during a normal night and notate the characteristics of each phase. Outline and explain the similarities and differences among the different theories of dreaming. The lives of all organisms, including humans, are influenced by regularly occurring cycles of behaviors known as biological rhythms. One important biological rhythm is the annual cycle that guides the migration of birds and the hibernation of bears. Women also experience a 28-day cycle that guides their fertility and menstruation. But perhaps the strongest and most important biorhythm is the daily circadian rhythm (from the Latin circa, meaning about? or approximately, and dian, meaning daily) that guides the daily waking and sleeping cycle in many animals. In response, the pineal gland secretes melatonin, a powerful hormone that facilitates the onset of sleep. Research Focus: Circadian Rhythms Influence the Use of Stereotypes in Social Judgments the circadian rhythm influences our energy levels such that we have more energy at some times of day than others. To test this hypothesis, he asked 189 research participants to consider cases of alleged misbehavior by other college students and to judge the probability of the accused students? guilt. One case involved a student athlete accused of cheating on an exam, one case involved a Hispanic student who allegedly physically attacked his roommate, and a third case involved an African American student who had been accused of selling illegal drugs. Each of these offenses had been judged via pretesting in the same student population to be stereotypically (although, of course, unfairly) associated with each social group. Participants also completed a measure designed to assess their circadian rhythms?whether they were more active and alert in the morning (Morning types) or in the evening (Evening types). The participants were then tested at experimental sessions held either in the morning (9 a. Morning people used their stereotypes more when they were tested in the evening, and evening people used their stereotypes more when they were tested in the morning. Sleep Stages: Moving Through the Night Although we lose consciousness as we sleep, the brain nevertheless remains active. Each of the sleep stages has its own distinct pattern of brain [4] activity (Dement & Kleitman, 1957). When we first begin to fall asleep, the waves get longer (alpha waves), and as we move into stage N1 sleep, which is characterized by the experience of drowsiness, the brain begins to produce even slower theta waves. During stage N1 sleep, some muscle tone is lost, as well as most awareness of the environment. During stage N2, muscular activity is further decreased and conscious awareness of the environment is lost. This stage typically represents about half of the total sleep time in normal adults. Stage N2 sleep is characterized by theta waves interspersed with bursts of rapid brain activity known as sleep spindles. Stage N3, also known as slow wave sleep, is the deepest level of sleep, characterized by an increased proportion of very slow delta waves. This is the stage in which most sleep abnormalities, such as sleepwalking, sleeptalking, nightmares, and bed-wetting occur. Eventually, as the sleep cycle finishes, the brain resumes its faster alpha and beta waves and we awake, normally refreshed. These people are suffering from a sleep disorder known asinsomnia, defined as persistent difficulty falling or staying asleep. Most cases of insomnia are temporary, lasting from a few days to several weeks, but in some cases insomnia can last for years. Insomnia can result from physical disorders such as pain due to injury or illness, or from psychological problems such as stress, financial worries, or relationship difficulties. Changes in sleep patterns, such as jet lag, changes in work shift, or even the movement to or from daylight savings time can produce insomnia. Sometimes the sleep that the insomniac does get is disturbed and nonrestorative, and the lack of quality sleep produces impairment of functioning during the day. Barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and other sedatives are frequently marketed and prescribed as sleep aids, but they may interrupt the natural stages of the sleep cycle, and in the end are likely to do more harm than good. Most practitioners of sleep medicine today recommend making environmental and scheduling changes first, followed by therapy for underlying problems, with pharmacological remedies used only as a last resort. According to the National Sleep Foundation, some steps that can be used to combat insomnia include the following: Another common sleep problem is sleep apnea, a sleep disorder characterized by pauses in breathing that last at least 10 seconds during sleep(Morgenthaler, Kagramanov, Hanak, & [6] Decker, 2006). In addition to preventing restorative sleep, sleep apnea can also cause high [7] blood pressure and may raise the risk of stroke and heart attack (Yaggi et al. It is most common in obese or older individuals who have lost muscle tone and is particularly common in men. Sleep apnea caused by obstructions is usually treated with an air machine that uses a mask to create a continuous pressure that prevents the airway from collapsing, or with mouthpieces that keep the airway open. Narcolepsy is a disorder characterized by extreme daytime sleepiness with frequent episodes of nodding off. It is estimated that at least 200,000 Americans suffer from narcolepsy, although only about a quarter of these people [8] have been diagnosed (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 2008). Narcolepsy can be treated with stimulants, such as amphetamines, to counteract the daytime sleepiness, or with antidepressants to treat a presumed underlying depression. Many sufferers find relief by taking a number of planned short naps during the day, and some individuals may find it easier to work in jobs that allow them to sleep during the day and work at night. Other sleep disorders occur when cognitive or motor processes that should be turned off or reduced in magnitude during sleep operate at higher than normal levels (Mahowald & Schenck, [10] 2000). One example is somnamulism(sleepwalking), in which the person leaves the bed and moves around while still asleep. Sleepwalking is more common in childhood, with the most frequent occurrences around the age of 12 years. Sleep terrors is a disruptive sleep disorder, most frequently experienced in childhood, that may involve loud screams and intense panic. In extreme cases, sleep terrors may result in bodily harm or property damage as the sufferer moves about abruptly. Up to 3% of adults suffer from sleep terrors, which typically [12] occur in sleep stage N3 (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). Other sleep disorders include bruxism, in which the sufferer grinds his teeth during sleep; restless legs syndrome, in which the sufferer reports an itching, burning, or otherwise uncomfortable feeling in his legs, usually exacerbated when resting or asleep; and periodic limb movement disorder, which involves sudden involuntary movement of limbs. The latter can cause sleep disruption and injury for both the sufferer and bed partner. As their actions may injure themselves or their sleeping partners, this disorder, thought to be neurological in nature, is normally treated with hypnosis and medications. The Heavy Costs of Not Sleeping Our preferred sleep times and our sleep requirements vary throughout our life cycle. Newborns tend to sleep between 16 and 18 hours per day, preschoolers tend to sleep between 10 and 12 hours per day, school-aged children and teenagers usually prefer at least 9 hours of sleep per night, and most adults say that they require 7 to 8 hours per night (Mercer, Merritt, & Cowell, [14] 1998; National Sleep Foundation, 2008). The most recent study by the National Sleep Foundation suggests that adults should get between 7 and 9 hours of sleep per night (Figure 5. Getting needed rest is difficult in part because school and work schedules still follow the early to-rise timetable that was set years ago. We tend to stay up late to enjoy activities in the evening but then are forced to get up early to go to work or school. The situation is particularly bad for college students, who are likely to combine a heavy academic schedule with an active social life and who may, in some cases, also work. Sleep has a vital restorative function, and a prolonged lack of sleep results in increased anxiety, diminished performance, and, if severe and extended, may even result in death. Many road accidents involve sleep deprivation, and people who are sleep deprived show decrements in driving performance similar to those who have ingested alcohol (Hack, Choi, Vijayapalan, [15] Davies, & Stradling, 2001; Williamson & Feyer, 2000). Poor treatment by doctors (Smith [16] Coggins, Rosekind, Hurd, & Buccino, 1994) and a variety of industrial accidents have also been traced in part to the effects of sleep deprivation. Sleep deprivation suppresses immune responses that fight off infection, and can lead to obesity, hypertension, and memory impairment [17] (Ferrie et al. The content of our dreams generally relates to our everyday experiences and concerns, and frequently our fears and failures (Cartwright, Agargun, Kirkby, & Friedman, 2006; Domhoff, Meyer-Gomes, & Schredl, [20] 2005). The [21] Austrian psychologist Sigmund Freud (1913/1988) analyzed the dreams of his patients to help him understand their unconscious needs and desires, and psychotherapists still make use of this technique today. Freud believed that the primary function of dreams was wish fulfillment, or the idea that dreaming allows us to act out the desires that we must repress during the day. Although Freud and others have focused on the meaning of dreams, other theories about the causes of dreams are less concerned with their content. One possibility is that we dream primarily to help with consolidation, or the moving of information into long-term memory [22] (Alvarenga et al. Payne and Nadel (2004) argued that the content of dreams is the result of consolidation?we dream about the things that are being moved into long-term memory. Although researchers are still trying to determine the exact causes of dreaming, one thing remains clear?we need to dream. Sleep disorders, including insomnia, sleep apnea, and narcolepsy, may make it hard for us to sleep well. Other theories of dreaming propose that dreaming is related to memory consolidation. Does this influence what time you go to sleep as opposed to your normal sleep time? Consider how each of the theories of dreaming we have discussed would explain your dreams. Stereotypes as judgmental heuristics: Evidence of circadian variations in discrimination. Moderate sleep deprivation produces impairments in cognitive and motor performance equivalent to legally prescribed levels of alcohol intoxication. Healthy older adults? sleep predicts all-cause mortality at 4 to 19 years of follow-up. Paradoxical sleep deprivation impairs acquisition, consolidation and retrieval of a discriminative avoidance task in rats.
Generic rogaine 5 60 ml amex. 70 Bodyweight Cardio Exercises.
